Spent Reaction
The Spent game was a virtual wake-up call of sorts for me. It made me consider the many different issues and expenses that one must face on a small budget. For those without education and a need for an immediate job, the options are limited, requiring sacrifices to other wants or needs. The game also emphasized the “when it rains it pours” reality through the occurrence of evictions, medical emergencies, and other disasters. For those on such a small budget, it is necessary to account for these possibilities.
The game format did indeed impact the knowledge presentation because it allowed the player to consider different options to each decision choice. For those on a small budget, there are other alternatives to missing a payment or forgoing necessary medical treatments. Also, as the game included a running fund balance throughout the month, it allowed the player to constantly consider the ramifications of each spending choice and the inevitable budget impact. The stated purpose of the game of making it through the month is emphasized throughout the course of the game, bringing up realities of poverty-stricken Americans in the United States.
I do not think the game is necessarily biased in all respects. The only criticism I have is that the game assumes the player lives and works in New York City, or another large metropolitan area. Though this may be a reality for some, it does not represent all Americans. These situations, however, can occur to persons regardless of race, age, disability, family type, etc. There are a few things missing, however, to make it a truly representative depiction of a poverty lifestyle:
1. Job choices: the game assumes those jobs are the only alternatives on short notice when there are many alternatives available, even if at a lower wage.
2. Food purchases: the game assumes a person only purchases groceries once a month, when in reality this happens periodically.
3. Assistance options: the game assumes the person can only solicit help from friends, when they can also ask family, and other government programs, apart from food stamps which was mentioned in the game.
4. Living arrangements: the game assumes the person has to live 20-30 miles outside of a city in order to save on rent. There are more living arrangements closer to the city that would allow someone to save on rent and traveling expenses.
These were just a few characteristics that I noticed while playing.
I think this game might specifically represent groups who live in large metropolitan areas because of the emphasis on public transportation and non-benefit type employment. Not to be biased, but it might represent minority or immigrant populations who do not have extended family support or job connections in the United States. I think it also represents single-parent families because they often do not have support and have to consider their children in every spending and recreation decision.
10,000 Solutions Platform Reaction
My solution was to make home developers in the Phoenix metropolitan area be required to install solar panel devices to new homes. The developer would absorb those costs, though offer residents sustainability options and cheaper utilities. This would also support economic development while improving the environment reputation of the developer.
In researching other solutions, I found the following:
1. Chelsea B. “Treatment rather than jail time”: This solution centered on providing treatment to drug offenders while incarcerated. This would provide employment opportunities for counselors, while also addressing drug addiction instead of just imprisonment. I liked this solution because it a constructive alternative to the inmate just waiting to get out and break the law once more. Correctional services should take advantage of that time to offer low-cost drug counseling.
2. Jessica G. “Drowning Prevention”: This solution centered on offering free swim lessons and classes teaching survival techniques and CPR instruction. This is a great solution because swim lessons usually center on swim techniques, not on drowning prevention. This would require local governments to solicit volunteers to implement, but it would be a great addition to community programs.
3. Svetlana B. “Reduce number of plastic bags used in the USA”: This solution emphasizes the use of recycled bags instead of plastic bags. This is a good solution that has been discussed a lot in recent years. She also mentioned how it reduces clutter in the home as well, and that is a great point. This is a great sustainability option.
To improve the site, I would provide more category options that people can post solutions to. I would also encourage users to post more specific responses to their solution choices. This would increase the interaction while also providing more useful advice.
Monday, December 5, 2011
Monday, November 21, 2011
Manifesto Paper and Relation to ePA Challenges
Informed and Interconnected: A Manifesto for Smarter Cities
Given the present economic crisis, municipalities are required to consider the feasibility of implementing certain services that influence citizen participation. The high initial costs of integrating new technology within city services is a notable deterrent, leaving citizens with little opportunities to participate in making transactions more efficient. The paper “Informed and Interconnected: A Manifesto for Smarter Cities” by Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Stanley S. Litow discusses the need for community transformation to better communicate with citizens through information-rich communities (p. 1). By creating smaller, interconnected communities, citizens can participate in needed services, thus overcoming significant ePA challenges and issues.
The idea of municipality websites as virtual all-inclusive transactional portals requires coordination among both cities and citizens, each with unique responsibilities. Technology inclusion alone will not suffice in meeting the demands of a diverse populace. Kanter and Litow theorize, “…attention is paid to the connections and not just to the parts. Civic improvement stems from improved interfaces and integration” (p. 3). The implementation of innovative technology features to a city website is a beginning to connecting those features to easily accessible portals. Allowing citizens the convenience of paying utility bills, accessing information, or contacting elected officials requires significant IT investment. However, the ultimate goal should be continued interaction through a virtual interface.
Involving citizens through technology improvement helps bridge the socio-economic gaps present in municipalities. The authors describe the smarter community as one “composed of not only a more integrated, collaborative, and inclusive ‘whole’ but also of multiple neighborhoods and communities of interest and of kind” (p. 4). One significant issue related to e-public administration is the unification of various thoughts for consideration by a governing body. The individuality of neighborhoods and units contributes to the needed diversity of the municipality, strengthened by cooperative technology. As such, internal development is just as crucial for cities faced with resource utilization challenges related to slow economic growth.
As smarter communities utilize technology to connect a diverse myriad of demographics, those communities need to develop internal controls that connect each department to the respective organization mission. This is particularly difficult in larger cities where they “have developed a range of departments and agencies that have become isolated from one another, operating in their own silos with less coordination of information than desirable for integrated planning and goal achievement” (p. 8). Although website modifications are not a noticeable priority during economic crises, municipalities should consider a cost-benefit analysis of the positive ramifications of increasing communication between departments. If departments are not connected, disjointed messages to citizens will result in a decrease in transparency, a common complaint of local government. This is especially important from a contractor standpoint, as “these contractors must meet government procurement requirements that might differ across departments, with few or no mechanisms to transfer information and a resulting waste of time and resources” (p. 8). As economic development is a primary government activity, municipalities must overcome communication challenges to ensure businesses continue to collaborate and offer services.
The overall purpose of IT development centers on making service delivery more efficient and effective. By updating information availability, departments are more connected, and citizens are informed as to government activity. The authors cite the ramifications of better service delivery as lessening the need for comprehensive budget cuts (p. 9). As such, the initial investment needed to update transactional capabilities and online communication is unavoidable for resource-sensitive municipalities.
Communication to involved shareholders is an ever-present issue for public administrators. The paper “Informed and Interconnected: A Manifesto for Smarter Cities” describes the emergence smart communities that strive to improve service delivery through integrated communication. Such ambition requires organizational uniformity and citizen approval, often at the expense of traditional services. The results, however, center of efficiency and effectiveness, using resources to create organized communities that adhere to ethical and professional management models.
References
Kanter, R.M., and Litow S. S. (2009). Informed and interconnected: a manifesto for smarter cities. Harvard Business School, pp. 1-28.
Given the present economic crisis, municipalities are required to consider the feasibility of implementing certain services that influence citizen participation. The high initial costs of integrating new technology within city services is a notable deterrent, leaving citizens with little opportunities to participate in making transactions more efficient. The paper “Informed and Interconnected: A Manifesto for Smarter Cities” by Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Stanley S. Litow discusses the need for community transformation to better communicate with citizens through information-rich communities (p. 1). By creating smaller, interconnected communities, citizens can participate in needed services, thus overcoming significant ePA challenges and issues.
The idea of municipality websites as virtual all-inclusive transactional portals requires coordination among both cities and citizens, each with unique responsibilities. Technology inclusion alone will not suffice in meeting the demands of a diverse populace. Kanter and Litow theorize, “…attention is paid to the connections and not just to the parts. Civic improvement stems from improved interfaces and integration” (p. 3). The implementation of innovative technology features to a city website is a beginning to connecting those features to easily accessible portals. Allowing citizens the convenience of paying utility bills, accessing information, or contacting elected officials requires significant IT investment. However, the ultimate goal should be continued interaction through a virtual interface.
Involving citizens through technology improvement helps bridge the socio-economic gaps present in municipalities. The authors describe the smarter community as one “composed of not only a more integrated, collaborative, and inclusive ‘whole’ but also of multiple neighborhoods and communities of interest and of kind” (p. 4). One significant issue related to e-public administration is the unification of various thoughts for consideration by a governing body. The individuality of neighborhoods and units contributes to the needed diversity of the municipality, strengthened by cooperative technology. As such, internal development is just as crucial for cities faced with resource utilization challenges related to slow economic growth.
As smarter communities utilize technology to connect a diverse myriad of demographics, those communities need to develop internal controls that connect each department to the respective organization mission. This is particularly difficult in larger cities where they “have developed a range of departments and agencies that have become isolated from one another, operating in their own silos with less coordination of information than desirable for integrated planning and goal achievement” (p. 8). Although website modifications are not a noticeable priority during economic crises, municipalities should consider a cost-benefit analysis of the positive ramifications of increasing communication between departments. If departments are not connected, disjointed messages to citizens will result in a decrease in transparency, a common complaint of local government. This is especially important from a contractor standpoint, as “these contractors must meet government procurement requirements that might differ across departments, with few or no mechanisms to transfer information and a resulting waste of time and resources” (p. 8). As economic development is a primary government activity, municipalities must overcome communication challenges to ensure businesses continue to collaborate and offer services.
The overall purpose of IT development centers on making service delivery more efficient and effective. By updating information availability, departments are more connected, and citizens are informed as to government activity. The authors cite the ramifications of better service delivery as lessening the need for comprehensive budget cuts (p. 9). As such, the initial investment needed to update transactional capabilities and online communication is unavoidable for resource-sensitive municipalities.
Communication to involved shareholders is an ever-present issue for public administrators. The paper “Informed and Interconnected: A Manifesto for Smarter Cities” describes the emergence smart communities that strive to improve service delivery through integrated communication. Such ambition requires organizational uniformity and citizen approval, often at the expense of traditional services. The results, however, center of efficiency and effectiveness, using resources to create organized communities that adhere to ethical and professional management models.
References
Kanter, R.M., and Litow S. S. (2009). Informed and interconnected: a manifesto for smarter cities. Harvard Business School, pp. 1-28.
Thursday, November 17, 2011
Book Review: Blog! How the Newest Media Revolution is Changing Politics, Business, and Culture
Blog! How the Newest Media Revolution is Changing Politics, Business, and Culture, by David Kline and Dan Burstein, presents an interesting analysis of the impact of blogging on idea transmission and culture change. Rather than dictate theoretical notions of social mediums, the authors compile numerous interviews and essays with notable business and political leaders who utilize the blog form to communicate revolutionary ideas. As an evolving technology, bloggers encounter divided criticism and support, challenging the notion of professional journalism. The main contentions of such bloggers as Adam Curry, Jeff Jarvis, Kate Lee, and others emphasize the necessity of this media form, and why executives and politicians are behind in utilizing technology to connect with clients and constituents.
Author Contentions
As the book is a compilation of blogging in terms of politics, business, and culture, each section contains introductory essays from the authors, and interviews with noted bloggers both national and international. In relation to politics and policy, Kline contends that many disregard the impact blogs have on the political scene. As discussed in his essay, bloggers are transforming the political process and the ordinary citizen relationship to it, thus creating a more representative and participatory American democracy (p. 5). The main case study analyzed is the 2004 presidential election, looking at viewership of online cable news networks compared to popular political blogs. Although traffic paled in comparison to the total viewers of nightly TV news programs, committed voter opinions changed indirectly though blog views. Conservative estimates show nearly 75 million Americans engage in political discussion or get political information from all online sources, specifically blogs (p. 6). As such, it is noteworthy to account for the influence of blogs in presenting political information.
The authors contend that political blogs have become an alternative viral source to traditional newspapers and television. Such change is attributed to the lost portion and respect traditional media outlets held among the public (p. 6). Further contentions center on the fact that television and internet media outlets present more outright biases, and do not reflect the interests or priorities of the majority of Americans. As such, this has profound consequences for the shape and character of American society (p. 8). The rise of political bloggers centers on this contradiction of American character, specifically in the damaging effect traditional media has had on presenting objective points of view. Readers prefer the openness of political blogs for their honest partisanship and political honesty (p. 10). This honesty is the foundation of democracy, with the authors contending that public debate is more useful than information presentation.
The authors cite the 2004 presidential election as the beginning of political blogs being catalysts for grassroots citizen mobilization, with Democrats being more adept in using online vehicles to rally their base than Republicans. Despite Howard Dean losing the election to the GOP machines, his official blog still received thousands of hits per day following the election, showing the grassroots Democratic supported compared to the targeted campaign of the Bush administration (p. 18). As such, the authors contend blogs encourage greater and more diverse political engagement.
From a business or economic standpoint, the authors contend that while business transformed the internet into a commercial marketplace, it would be transformed by the medium it set out to dominate (p. 102). A main issue is that blogging can reshape the business world and create new sources of competitive advantage for firms. As discussed in the book, business blogging remains in its infancy, with businesses only now realizing the market effectiveness of this medium. The authors contend that the modern corporation is still largely faceless, deliberately shielded from direct customer contact (p. 103). As such, the new blogging method breaks down communication barriers by fostering transparency and greater responsiveness. To accomplish this feat, companies need to integrate corporate, consumer, and product-oriented blogging into their daily operations (p. 103). This requires companies to understand and appreciate the fundamental power of blogs.
As discussed in the book, blogging transforms consumers into human beings with real opinions and feelings that cannot be ignored by company operations. Because blogging is about passion, their marketplace influence results in positive and negative influences, often more paramount than paid advertising. One main contention is that smart companies, specifically those with information rich or high involvement products, will want to create blogs to capture the buzz-marketing benefits that blogging can provide (p. 108). This often encourages companies to blog about product ideas and plans before production. Traditional market research tells companies what their customers want, but does not necessarily stipulate why customers want what they do. As such, product definition blogging opens new lines of communication and provides companies with better information about customer needs at a lower cost (p. 113). This is particularly useful for internal communication as well.
The authors contend that enterprise blogging offers advantages of persistence and searchability over traditional email-based communication systems. With these blog types storing organization information in easily accessible HTML formats, employees can access information without having to pass through protocol or hierarchy (p. 117). As an improved communication method, blogging necessitates that companies provide more high-value content to consumers, specifically consulting, conferences, and executive programs. The authors contend that the continued influence of the “invisible hand” in guiding market behavior still relies on rational consumer decisions (p. 122). By creating a heart and soul behind consumer actions, blogging presents a new medium that companies should continue to research and develop.
From a traditional mainstream media standpoint, the authors contend that blogging will engender massive change in our society. The authors cite the 11 percent drop in newspaper circulation since 1990 and decline readership among young people as evidence of this change in media usage (p. 239). Although the web is having a diverse effect on online news media, is it becoming a primary news source for younger people, and a large draw for advertising. Given this younger demographic influence, bloggers are creating a sense of trust absent in traditional media outlets. The authors also contend that bloggers are far more transparent because they provide links to their information and sources. Additionally, bloggers are more forthright about their mistakes than in mainstream media (p. 240). Bloggers still have to compete with the presence of online media sources as primary news outlets. As such, they use those outlets to apply opinions, ironies, ideas, and other kinds of context in the transition between original reporting and context provisioning (p. 241). The relationship between blogging and traditional media will continue to affect the manner in which consumers receive information.
The tools for creating and publishing citizen-generated media are more affordable now, and more simple and instantaneous for users to access. The authors contend that blogging helps consumers break through a persistent anonymity and isolation with modern life (p. 247). A main concern with blogs, however, is their effect on literacy, given the abbreviated format and language present in blog formats. This transformation, however, gives voice to democracy, and thus represents a main purpose of the blogging format.
Current Issues and Examples
Given the complexity of information presented by the authors, they cite numerous interviews related to how blogging has transformed communication into a viable information source influencing society.
Joe Trippi, Campaign Manager for Howard Dean, discusses the real power of blogging given to individuals to make changes. He theorizes that political blogging is part of a plan to get a well-known, status quo, establishment candidate the nomination (p. 26). He cites the blogging medium as creating grassroots support for Dean, compared to the money-raising machine utilized by John Kerry and John Edwards. Blogs offer a different and powerful view, even if the traffic they receive is only a small percentage of total internet hits.
Markos Moulitsas Zuniga, founder and writer for the political blog DailyKos, encounters support among liberal and Democratic readers in exposing fraudulent ideas and documents. As such, readers change their viewpoints on political campaigns by reading his blog and learning about candidates. The blog has created a community, rivaling traffic to Fox News or other political sites (p. 43). Zuniga cites the purpose of his blog to offer actual products and services that are going to hurt the bottom lines of candidates. As such, political influentials will influence elections in more ways now than ever.
Ana Marie Cox, founder of the daily Wonkettes postings, pokes fun at the behaviors and attitudes of Washington politicians. She cites the reason for her blog is to comment on things and say exactly what she thinks. Blogs are popular because it represents a freedom to do whatever you want without regard to editing. It is fresh and immediate (p. 60). She also cites blogging as a springboard to real media, thus creating real professional opportunities.
Robert Scoble, tech evangelist for Microsoft, cites his technical blog as relating to the tech community as a whole, working for the average developer. He believes blogs should be both passionate and authoritative, paying attention to who is looking at them (p. 127). Blogs contribute to a word-of-mouth viral marketing technique by making idea transfer more efficient, and doing so very quickly. Scoble also cites the future of weblogs being more integrated, integrating blogs with other programs and services.
Nick Denton, founder of Gawker Media, views weblogs as the purest way to judge writing talent as applied to consumer needs. Gawker, Fleshbot, Gizmodo, and others thrive because of the relative obscurity of paid bloggers for his sites. Denton views the market for writing talent in the United States to be largely inefficient (p. 152). Weblogs will aggregate much bigger over the next few years as a revolutionary new phenomenon.
Jay Rosen, an associate professor at the NYU Department of Journalism, is an advocate for public journalism, where citizens play a role in analyzing and disseminating news. As such, the media should cultivate and chronicle the spread of democracy, and will still be prevalent amidst the blogging craze (p. 315). He does realize, however, that there is still a great deal of work to be done in developing the weblog form.
Assessment and Critique
This approach at explaining the impact of blogging on mainstream media is effective in that it provides real examples of people and blogs that have enacted real change in transparency and citizen participation. The book itself is organized in a logical manner by having each section prefaced with an essay by the authors that introduces the general status of blogging in each sphere, leading into interviews and presentations from leading business leaders and technology entrepreneurs. As there is a great deal of hype and confusion surrounding this new communication medium, the authors strive to provide a real-world analysis how blogging will and will not change society and how consumers disseminate the flood of information.
The general thesis of the text centers on the idea that blogging creates and open forum where ordinary citizens can contribute to the forward-thinking thought of open and participative democracy. From a political standpoint, previous users of political blogs were high-level employees and politicians, with insider information as to campaign activities. The technological advancement of general internet users has evolved such that a general IT knowledge will suffice to both participate and contribute.
The authors are too critical, however, in their analysis of prominent media outlets. They view media balance as “bastardized” by the actions of news outlets in striving to present objective political views (p. 9). If anything, the variety of news stations and channels provides a more comprehensive analysis of all differing opinions and theories. This places responsibility on the consumer to decide which outlets clearly presents their individual belief system. The authors fail to discuss efforts by news organizations to publicize their political standpoints.
The use of interviews in the text provides a decent context in showing real world application of blogging. However, the use of rigidity in questions does not necessarily result in as candid of revelations as blogs would produce. Although it is difficult to print mere blog posts as empirical evidence as to blog effectiveness, a diversity of information presentation would enhance the author thesis related to openness and transparency.
Changing Thoughts on Blogging
From a personal viewpoint, prior to this class and assignment, my previous experience with blogs was with my wife and reading her updates on our personal family blog. I guess I did not fully understand or realize the potential blogs have as communication methods. Reading this book opened my eyes as to the future blogs will have in analyzing news media information.
The implementation of a personal blog as part of our course assignments and participation has helped me get used to the technology associated with blog posts, and the ease of connecting with others to share ideas. The text describes the ease in which users can now connect to companies and political organizations to comment on policy and practice. I feel that blogs are legitimate information sources, though need to be used with caution, given the background of the blogger. I think it is safe to read blogs for a general consensus, though not for concrete research purposes in publicizing information.
Relation to E-Public Administration
As updating our personal blogs has been absolutely critical towards participation in this course, studying the impact of blogging on politics, economics, and media in general is very appropriate in a study of public administration, and corresponding technological forces. Politicians now, more than ever, are using their blogs and other social media forms to discuss politics, reactions to news stories, and other events deemed critical to their constituents. Blogs are breaking down walls between elected official and constituent, thus placing more responsibility on those in power to be ethical and honest.
Blogs also provide a medium for inexperienced citizens to connect with others to increase their knowledge of public policy. As most blog creators are not industry experts, ordinary citizens can still influence public opinions by creating discussions aimed at analyzing politician actions. As such, elected officials need to be informed as to how public opinion is being disseminated, and use that information to provide more efficient decision solutions.
I really enjoyed reading this book and seeing the influence of blogs in many different areas. I can have a profound influence by being open and honest, and encouraging others.
References
Kline, David, and Burstein, Dan (2005). Blog! How the newest media revolution is changing politics, business, and culture. New York, NY: Squibnocket Partners, LLC.
Author Contentions
As the book is a compilation of blogging in terms of politics, business, and culture, each section contains introductory essays from the authors, and interviews with noted bloggers both national and international. In relation to politics and policy, Kline contends that many disregard the impact blogs have on the political scene. As discussed in his essay, bloggers are transforming the political process and the ordinary citizen relationship to it, thus creating a more representative and participatory American democracy (p. 5). The main case study analyzed is the 2004 presidential election, looking at viewership of online cable news networks compared to popular political blogs. Although traffic paled in comparison to the total viewers of nightly TV news programs, committed voter opinions changed indirectly though blog views. Conservative estimates show nearly 75 million Americans engage in political discussion or get political information from all online sources, specifically blogs (p. 6). As such, it is noteworthy to account for the influence of blogs in presenting political information.
The authors contend that political blogs have become an alternative viral source to traditional newspapers and television. Such change is attributed to the lost portion and respect traditional media outlets held among the public (p. 6). Further contentions center on the fact that television and internet media outlets present more outright biases, and do not reflect the interests or priorities of the majority of Americans. As such, this has profound consequences for the shape and character of American society (p. 8). The rise of political bloggers centers on this contradiction of American character, specifically in the damaging effect traditional media has had on presenting objective points of view. Readers prefer the openness of political blogs for their honest partisanship and political honesty (p. 10). This honesty is the foundation of democracy, with the authors contending that public debate is more useful than information presentation.
The authors cite the 2004 presidential election as the beginning of political blogs being catalysts for grassroots citizen mobilization, with Democrats being more adept in using online vehicles to rally their base than Republicans. Despite Howard Dean losing the election to the GOP machines, his official blog still received thousands of hits per day following the election, showing the grassroots Democratic supported compared to the targeted campaign of the Bush administration (p. 18). As such, the authors contend blogs encourage greater and more diverse political engagement.
From a business or economic standpoint, the authors contend that while business transformed the internet into a commercial marketplace, it would be transformed by the medium it set out to dominate (p. 102). A main issue is that blogging can reshape the business world and create new sources of competitive advantage for firms. As discussed in the book, business blogging remains in its infancy, with businesses only now realizing the market effectiveness of this medium. The authors contend that the modern corporation is still largely faceless, deliberately shielded from direct customer contact (p. 103). As such, the new blogging method breaks down communication barriers by fostering transparency and greater responsiveness. To accomplish this feat, companies need to integrate corporate, consumer, and product-oriented blogging into their daily operations (p. 103). This requires companies to understand and appreciate the fundamental power of blogs.
As discussed in the book, blogging transforms consumers into human beings with real opinions and feelings that cannot be ignored by company operations. Because blogging is about passion, their marketplace influence results in positive and negative influences, often more paramount than paid advertising. One main contention is that smart companies, specifically those with information rich or high involvement products, will want to create blogs to capture the buzz-marketing benefits that blogging can provide (p. 108). This often encourages companies to blog about product ideas and plans before production. Traditional market research tells companies what their customers want, but does not necessarily stipulate why customers want what they do. As such, product definition blogging opens new lines of communication and provides companies with better information about customer needs at a lower cost (p. 113). This is particularly useful for internal communication as well.
The authors contend that enterprise blogging offers advantages of persistence and searchability over traditional email-based communication systems. With these blog types storing organization information in easily accessible HTML formats, employees can access information without having to pass through protocol or hierarchy (p. 117). As an improved communication method, blogging necessitates that companies provide more high-value content to consumers, specifically consulting, conferences, and executive programs. The authors contend that the continued influence of the “invisible hand” in guiding market behavior still relies on rational consumer decisions (p. 122). By creating a heart and soul behind consumer actions, blogging presents a new medium that companies should continue to research and develop.
From a traditional mainstream media standpoint, the authors contend that blogging will engender massive change in our society. The authors cite the 11 percent drop in newspaper circulation since 1990 and decline readership among young people as evidence of this change in media usage (p. 239). Although the web is having a diverse effect on online news media, is it becoming a primary news source for younger people, and a large draw for advertising. Given this younger demographic influence, bloggers are creating a sense of trust absent in traditional media outlets. The authors also contend that bloggers are far more transparent because they provide links to their information and sources. Additionally, bloggers are more forthright about their mistakes than in mainstream media (p. 240). Bloggers still have to compete with the presence of online media sources as primary news outlets. As such, they use those outlets to apply opinions, ironies, ideas, and other kinds of context in the transition between original reporting and context provisioning (p. 241). The relationship between blogging and traditional media will continue to affect the manner in which consumers receive information.
The tools for creating and publishing citizen-generated media are more affordable now, and more simple and instantaneous for users to access. The authors contend that blogging helps consumers break through a persistent anonymity and isolation with modern life (p. 247). A main concern with blogs, however, is their effect on literacy, given the abbreviated format and language present in blog formats. This transformation, however, gives voice to democracy, and thus represents a main purpose of the blogging format.
Current Issues and Examples
Given the complexity of information presented by the authors, they cite numerous interviews related to how blogging has transformed communication into a viable information source influencing society.
Joe Trippi, Campaign Manager for Howard Dean, discusses the real power of blogging given to individuals to make changes. He theorizes that political blogging is part of a plan to get a well-known, status quo, establishment candidate the nomination (p. 26). He cites the blogging medium as creating grassroots support for Dean, compared to the money-raising machine utilized by John Kerry and John Edwards. Blogs offer a different and powerful view, even if the traffic they receive is only a small percentage of total internet hits.
Markos Moulitsas Zuniga, founder and writer for the political blog DailyKos, encounters support among liberal and Democratic readers in exposing fraudulent ideas and documents. As such, readers change their viewpoints on political campaigns by reading his blog and learning about candidates. The blog has created a community, rivaling traffic to Fox News or other political sites (p. 43). Zuniga cites the purpose of his blog to offer actual products and services that are going to hurt the bottom lines of candidates. As such, political influentials will influence elections in more ways now than ever.
Ana Marie Cox, founder of the daily Wonkettes postings, pokes fun at the behaviors and attitudes of Washington politicians. She cites the reason for her blog is to comment on things and say exactly what she thinks. Blogs are popular because it represents a freedom to do whatever you want without regard to editing. It is fresh and immediate (p. 60). She also cites blogging as a springboard to real media, thus creating real professional opportunities.
Robert Scoble, tech evangelist for Microsoft, cites his technical blog as relating to the tech community as a whole, working for the average developer. He believes blogs should be both passionate and authoritative, paying attention to who is looking at them (p. 127). Blogs contribute to a word-of-mouth viral marketing technique by making idea transfer more efficient, and doing so very quickly. Scoble also cites the future of weblogs being more integrated, integrating blogs with other programs and services.
Nick Denton, founder of Gawker Media, views weblogs as the purest way to judge writing talent as applied to consumer needs. Gawker, Fleshbot, Gizmodo, and others thrive because of the relative obscurity of paid bloggers for his sites. Denton views the market for writing talent in the United States to be largely inefficient (p. 152). Weblogs will aggregate much bigger over the next few years as a revolutionary new phenomenon.
Jay Rosen, an associate professor at the NYU Department of Journalism, is an advocate for public journalism, where citizens play a role in analyzing and disseminating news. As such, the media should cultivate and chronicle the spread of democracy, and will still be prevalent amidst the blogging craze (p. 315). He does realize, however, that there is still a great deal of work to be done in developing the weblog form.
Assessment and Critique
This approach at explaining the impact of blogging on mainstream media is effective in that it provides real examples of people and blogs that have enacted real change in transparency and citizen participation. The book itself is organized in a logical manner by having each section prefaced with an essay by the authors that introduces the general status of blogging in each sphere, leading into interviews and presentations from leading business leaders and technology entrepreneurs. As there is a great deal of hype and confusion surrounding this new communication medium, the authors strive to provide a real-world analysis how blogging will and will not change society and how consumers disseminate the flood of information.
The general thesis of the text centers on the idea that blogging creates and open forum where ordinary citizens can contribute to the forward-thinking thought of open and participative democracy. From a political standpoint, previous users of political blogs were high-level employees and politicians, with insider information as to campaign activities. The technological advancement of general internet users has evolved such that a general IT knowledge will suffice to both participate and contribute.
The authors are too critical, however, in their analysis of prominent media outlets. They view media balance as “bastardized” by the actions of news outlets in striving to present objective political views (p. 9). If anything, the variety of news stations and channels provides a more comprehensive analysis of all differing opinions and theories. This places responsibility on the consumer to decide which outlets clearly presents their individual belief system. The authors fail to discuss efforts by news organizations to publicize their political standpoints.
The use of interviews in the text provides a decent context in showing real world application of blogging. However, the use of rigidity in questions does not necessarily result in as candid of revelations as blogs would produce. Although it is difficult to print mere blog posts as empirical evidence as to blog effectiveness, a diversity of information presentation would enhance the author thesis related to openness and transparency.
Changing Thoughts on Blogging
From a personal viewpoint, prior to this class and assignment, my previous experience with blogs was with my wife and reading her updates on our personal family blog. I guess I did not fully understand or realize the potential blogs have as communication methods. Reading this book opened my eyes as to the future blogs will have in analyzing news media information.
The implementation of a personal blog as part of our course assignments and participation has helped me get used to the technology associated with blog posts, and the ease of connecting with others to share ideas. The text describes the ease in which users can now connect to companies and political organizations to comment on policy and practice. I feel that blogs are legitimate information sources, though need to be used with caution, given the background of the blogger. I think it is safe to read blogs for a general consensus, though not for concrete research purposes in publicizing information.
Relation to E-Public Administration
As updating our personal blogs has been absolutely critical towards participation in this course, studying the impact of blogging on politics, economics, and media in general is very appropriate in a study of public administration, and corresponding technological forces. Politicians now, more than ever, are using their blogs and other social media forms to discuss politics, reactions to news stories, and other events deemed critical to their constituents. Blogs are breaking down walls between elected official and constituent, thus placing more responsibility on those in power to be ethical and honest.
Blogs also provide a medium for inexperienced citizens to connect with others to increase their knowledge of public policy. As most blog creators are not industry experts, ordinary citizens can still influence public opinions by creating discussions aimed at analyzing politician actions. As such, elected officials need to be informed as to how public opinion is being disseminated, and use that information to provide more efficient decision solutions.
I really enjoyed reading this book and seeing the influence of blogs in many different areas. I can have a profound influence by being open and honest, and encouraging others.
References
Kline, David, and Burstein, Dan (2005). Blog! How the newest media revolution is changing politics, business, and culture. New York, NY: Squibnocket Partners, LLC.
Friday, October 14, 2011
National e-Commerce Extension Initiative
An innovative eGovernment project I discovered and researched is the National e-Commerce Extension Initiative, a regional program addressing e-commerce innovation and its impact on technology and economic development in urban areas. As a unique e-commerce outlet, the initiative features interactive learning modules with additional training and tutorial resources. The website and project, found at http://www.connectingcommunities.info, are an extension of the Southern Rural Development Center, an association of 29 land grant institutions in the rural southern United States who address critical rural development issues affecting people and communities.
The Initiative website is an interactive portal where users can access “The Learning Center” function, an interactive learning tool, and “e-Commerce Tutorials,” where users can develop applicable e-Commerce skills. As this initiative relies on the interaction between municipalities, businesses, and other organizations, current technology events keep businesses informed of successes in rural broadband adoption and extension programming. The initiative is a service-generating project, with emphasis on non-strategic alliances in sharing resources and ideas. Such innovation is further enhanced through the offering of funded competitive grants in coordination with the Regional Rural Development Centers and other organizations.
The website is user-friendly, and contains many applicable features in presenting the initiative mission, contacts, services, and features. The site presents news stories as a means of disclosing public efforts to improve e-commerce, though does not list the main issues and challenges of rural e-commerce development in rural areas. For example, the www.whitehouse.gov website contains a lot of information, though organizes the site by issue, allowing issues to offer criticism based on immigration, civil rights, etc. Additionally, the www.whitehouse.gov website offers immediate access to interactive media, whereas the e-commerce initiative site only provides links to new technology services.
In comparing and contrasting the Initiative site to the www.serve.gov website, several features were similar to the White House portal. The use of video and news feeds is present on the home page, as is also found on the Initiative website. However, the www.serve.gov site contains an updated blog of service activities throughout the United States. Although the Initiative contains updated news feeds of conferences and events, user interaction is not promoted. The www.serve.gov website also contains a section where users can find service events. The e-Commerce Initiative would benefit by implementing similar interactive features to publicize training events and ideas.
The National e-Commerce Extension Initiative is connected through local businesses by webinars, a function where professionals discuss methods for promoting broadband in virtually every facet of rural communities. These interactive features are unique to other agency websites that contain a great deal of information, though can be difficult to navigate. The www.recovery.gov website emphasizes the federal government utilization of social media to track government spending. This site publicizes spending information, thus increasing transparency at the federal level. Users can follow this process via Facebook, Twitter, and other mediums. The e-Commerce Initiative would benefit from this implementation of social media to further the cause of broadband installation in rural areas.
The www.wethepeople.gov website is similar to the aforementioned federal websites in terms of interactive features and sections. One important feature of this site is the ability for citizens to create petitions and recommend ways to improve the website functionality. The e-Commerce Initiative site presents very useful training functions, though appears to be largely one-sided: not eliciting suggestions for improvement.
As discussed in the lecture for module week 4, the cost of implementing services such as the e-Commerce Initiative is expensive, often requiring agencies to outsource technology services. As referenced in the lecture, “…securing funding for these projects can be difficult in tough economic times. There also exists the very real dilemma of not having the in-house expertise to create the necessary e-government applications.” Given the relative plainness associated with the site, funding may not be sufficient enough to warrant additional website services and functions.
This relates to the basic purpose of local government and agency websites: presenting information for public view. Wohlers theorizes, “local government websites are mostly informative and limited to providing a range of basic one-way services rather than transactional services” (p. 4). As such, federal and regional sites are mediums to elicit monetary support or other input types. The relative inability of the e-Commerce Initiative website in allowing users to offer feedback is detrimental to the success of this innovative program. Jaeger asserts, “users feel that their input is not wanted or that users cannot find a way to get their input to the Web developers” (p. 184). The aforementioned federal websites focus a great deal on citizen response, thus increasing transparency among agencies. The initiative goal of coordinating rural development efforts through broadband connections relies on citizen participation and publicity.
The success of the e-Commerce Initiative relies on local business and government realization of the necessary costs of electronic government. Heeks theorizes, “despite the high costs of failure and the high prevalence of failure, many officials and politicians are still very keen on e-government” (p. 5). Improvements to the website will increase funding, and elicit more citizens participation in educating the public about this need for rural technology development.
This project is very innovative, and represents new efforts of local organizations in connecting services. Although the project remains in its infancy, there is a great deal of potential in spreading the word about technology advances in rural communities.
References
Heeks, Richard (2003). Most e-Government-for-development projects fail. how can risks be reduced? IDPM, pp. 1-19.
Jaeger, Paul T. (5 June 2006). Assessing section 508 compliance on federal e-government web sites: a multi-method, user-centered evaluation of accessibility for persons with disabilities. Information Quarterly, 23, pp. 169-190.
Wohlers, Tony E. (12 Apr. 2007). Comparative E-Government: trends and sophistication at the grass roots. Prepared for presentation at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political
Science Association Annual Conference. Chicago, Illinois.
The Initiative website is an interactive portal where users can access “The Learning Center” function, an interactive learning tool, and “e-Commerce Tutorials,” where users can develop applicable e-Commerce skills. As this initiative relies on the interaction between municipalities, businesses, and other organizations, current technology events keep businesses informed of successes in rural broadband adoption and extension programming. The initiative is a service-generating project, with emphasis on non-strategic alliances in sharing resources and ideas. Such innovation is further enhanced through the offering of funded competitive grants in coordination with the Regional Rural Development Centers and other organizations.
The website is user-friendly, and contains many applicable features in presenting the initiative mission, contacts, services, and features. The site presents news stories as a means of disclosing public efforts to improve e-commerce, though does not list the main issues and challenges of rural e-commerce development in rural areas. For example, the www.whitehouse.gov website contains a lot of information, though organizes the site by issue, allowing issues to offer criticism based on immigration, civil rights, etc. Additionally, the www.whitehouse.gov website offers immediate access to interactive media, whereas the e-commerce initiative site only provides links to new technology services.
In comparing and contrasting the Initiative site to the www.serve.gov website, several features were similar to the White House portal. The use of video and news feeds is present on the home page, as is also found on the Initiative website. However, the www.serve.gov site contains an updated blog of service activities throughout the United States. Although the Initiative contains updated news feeds of conferences and events, user interaction is not promoted. The www.serve.gov website also contains a section where users can find service events. The e-Commerce Initiative would benefit by implementing similar interactive features to publicize training events and ideas.
The National e-Commerce Extension Initiative is connected through local businesses by webinars, a function where professionals discuss methods for promoting broadband in virtually every facet of rural communities. These interactive features are unique to other agency websites that contain a great deal of information, though can be difficult to navigate. The www.recovery.gov website emphasizes the federal government utilization of social media to track government spending. This site publicizes spending information, thus increasing transparency at the federal level. Users can follow this process via Facebook, Twitter, and other mediums. The e-Commerce Initiative would benefit from this implementation of social media to further the cause of broadband installation in rural areas.
The www.wethepeople.gov website is similar to the aforementioned federal websites in terms of interactive features and sections. One important feature of this site is the ability for citizens to create petitions and recommend ways to improve the website functionality. The e-Commerce Initiative site presents very useful training functions, though appears to be largely one-sided: not eliciting suggestions for improvement.
As discussed in the lecture for module week 4, the cost of implementing services such as the e-Commerce Initiative is expensive, often requiring agencies to outsource technology services. As referenced in the lecture, “…securing funding for these projects can be difficult in tough economic times. There also exists the very real dilemma of not having the in-house expertise to create the necessary e-government applications.” Given the relative plainness associated with the site, funding may not be sufficient enough to warrant additional website services and functions.
This relates to the basic purpose of local government and agency websites: presenting information for public view. Wohlers theorizes, “local government websites are mostly informative and limited to providing a range of basic one-way services rather than transactional services” (p. 4). As such, federal and regional sites are mediums to elicit monetary support or other input types. The relative inability of the e-Commerce Initiative website in allowing users to offer feedback is detrimental to the success of this innovative program. Jaeger asserts, “users feel that their input is not wanted or that users cannot find a way to get their input to the Web developers” (p. 184). The aforementioned federal websites focus a great deal on citizen response, thus increasing transparency among agencies. The initiative goal of coordinating rural development efforts through broadband connections relies on citizen participation and publicity.
The success of the e-Commerce Initiative relies on local business and government realization of the necessary costs of electronic government. Heeks theorizes, “despite the high costs of failure and the high prevalence of failure, many officials and politicians are still very keen on e-government” (p. 5). Improvements to the website will increase funding, and elicit more citizens participation in educating the public about this need for rural technology development.
This project is very innovative, and represents new efforts of local organizations in connecting services. Although the project remains in its infancy, there is a great deal of potential in spreading the word about technology advances in rural communities.
References
Heeks, Richard (2003). Most e-Government-for-development projects fail. how can risks be reduced? IDPM, pp. 1-19.
Jaeger, Paul T. (5 June 2006). Assessing section 508 compliance on federal e-government web sites: a multi-method, user-centered evaluation of accessibility for persons with disabilities. Information Quarterly, 23, pp. 169-190.
Wohlers, Tony E. (12 Apr. 2007). Comparative E-Government: trends and sophistication at the grass roots. Prepared for presentation at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political
Science Association Annual Conference. Chicago, Illinois.
Thursday, September 29, 2011
Space Mixing and Virtual Worlds in the Public Sector
Link: http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/08/04/marines.social.media.ban/index.html
The article ‘Marines ban Twitter, Facebook, other sites” by Noah Shachtman, presents an interesting dilemma in the use of social media. The Marine Corps issued an order banning the use of Twitter, Facebook, and other social media sites from its network because they present a great security risk, due to the possibility of malicious code from adversaries. Such actions meet with surprise as commanders regularly blog updates from the battlefield, and the Department of Defense is launching a new home page with interactive social media tools. As such, certain waivers will be issued if there is a “mission critical” need for the use of social media.
Social media use on the battlefield is a great example of the mixing of personal, professional, and private spaces. Marines use Facebook to connect with family members and maintain continuity while they are overseas. This personal medium is a lifeline for many marines, though as referenced in the article, can be a medium for hackers to infiltrate and access sensitive information. By blogging about important troop and resource information, commanders are vulnerable to outside enemy actions in accessing confidential military tactics.
I do not think social media planners ever anticipated this basic communication would become a dangerous method of warfare. These private spaces affect professional conduct, and personal correspondence can indicate location, troop activity, and other sensitive information. I believe the Marine Corps has a responsibility to adhere to this order at all costs, with the exception of use in rare occasions. If lives are at risk, the use of social media should not be encouraged. Fortunately, this mix of personal and private spaces is not as detrimental in civilian life.
Use of Virtual Worlds
Public administrators encounter diverse issues and challenges as they attempt to create public value in their service and operations. Given the transparent mentality of public agencies, public administrators have a responsibility to connect with citizens, and inform of new policies and proposals. Given this recent social media revolution, officials and department heads need to understand how their local constituents interact, and participate accordingly. One important medium is the utilization of virtual worlds, such as Second Life or Warcraft, to create a sense of community with others. Although unique, virtual worlds create additional challenges to public administrators as they operate to understand political, social, and economic viewpoints.
Traditional city council meetings no longer elicit much participation from citizens. Although important information is discussed, many local citizens feel more confident offering their opinions via social media sites as opposed to in person. This creates a problem for elected officials because they need to address every facet of an issue or ordinance, and if there is no interaction with the public, no response will be given until something negative impacts an individual. Demographics are also an important consideration in the communication problem as not everyone has access to the internet or other communication mediums. As such, what methods should elected officials devote time and effort to utilizing?
Social media is currently playing an important role in local government by shaping how officials interact and publicize their ideas. Many council meetings are televised, and minutes are updated on municipality websites. Officials have Twitter accounts, and update ideas and reactions from meetings almost instantly. Councilmembers also have Facebook accounts where they post pictures, interesting links, and events in which they are involved. City websites are posting links to new social media features, and their sites in general are becoming more user-friendly. As such, officials are attempting to appeal to a large demographic base through new technology.
The use of virtual worlds in connecting with citizens is a new and largely unfamiliar social method. This approach should be useful as access to this source is becoming more available. In referencing chapter 7 of Code 2.0, Lessig discusses constraints of law, norms, market, and architecture, and their presence as regulation tools on the use of virtual worlds in public sector communication. Internet and program laws regulate how much sensitive public information can be disseminated through a virtual world. Social norms create a stigma of virtual worlds that they are used only by intense gamers, not every day citizens. As such, norms govern how people may behave on the site. Market plays an important role in that Second Life and other sites govern access and charge for certain functions of participation. The site itself is designed through its architecture to guide people to certain places and forums, thus facilitating possible interaction between officials and citizens.
With these regulations influencing the use of virtual worlds, elected officials can create public forums where citizens will be more likely to contribute. This can be used as an interactive, real-time blog, where everyone is welcome, regardless of his or her demographic situation. Problems may arise as to validity of information and issues of reality in the political process. Regardless of those challenges, officials can foster an environment of collaboration, assuming security measures are in place. Virtual worlds create opportunities for developing a community spirit, and users will benefit from free interaction.
The article ‘Marines ban Twitter, Facebook, other sites” by Noah Shachtman, presents an interesting dilemma in the use of social media. The Marine Corps issued an order banning the use of Twitter, Facebook, and other social media sites from its network because they present a great security risk, due to the possibility of malicious code from adversaries. Such actions meet with surprise as commanders regularly blog updates from the battlefield, and the Department of Defense is launching a new home page with interactive social media tools. As such, certain waivers will be issued if there is a “mission critical” need for the use of social media.
Social media use on the battlefield is a great example of the mixing of personal, professional, and private spaces. Marines use Facebook to connect with family members and maintain continuity while they are overseas. This personal medium is a lifeline for many marines, though as referenced in the article, can be a medium for hackers to infiltrate and access sensitive information. By blogging about important troop and resource information, commanders are vulnerable to outside enemy actions in accessing confidential military tactics.
I do not think social media planners ever anticipated this basic communication would become a dangerous method of warfare. These private spaces affect professional conduct, and personal correspondence can indicate location, troop activity, and other sensitive information. I believe the Marine Corps has a responsibility to adhere to this order at all costs, with the exception of use in rare occasions. If lives are at risk, the use of social media should not be encouraged. Fortunately, this mix of personal and private spaces is not as detrimental in civilian life.
Use of Virtual Worlds
Public administrators encounter diverse issues and challenges as they attempt to create public value in their service and operations. Given the transparent mentality of public agencies, public administrators have a responsibility to connect with citizens, and inform of new policies and proposals. Given this recent social media revolution, officials and department heads need to understand how their local constituents interact, and participate accordingly. One important medium is the utilization of virtual worlds, such as Second Life or Warcraft, to create a sense of community with others. Although unique, virtual worlds create additional challenges to public administrators as they operate to understand political, social, and economic viewpoints.
Traditional city council meetings no longer elicit much participation from citizens. Although important information is discussed, many local citizens feel more confident offering their opinions via social media sites as opposed to in person. This creates a problem for elected officials because they need to address every facet of an issue or ordinance, and if there is no interaction with the public, no response will be given until something negative impacts an individual. Demographics are also an important consideration in the communication problem as not everyone has access to the internet or other communication mediums. As such, what methods should elected officials devote time and effort to utilizing?
Social media is currently playing an important role in local government by shaping how officials interact and publicize their ideas. Many council meetings are televised, and minutes are updated on municipality websites. Officials have Twitter accounts, and update ideas and reactions from meetings almost instantly. Councilmembers also have Facebook accounts where they post pictures, interesting links, and events in which they are involved. City websites are posting links to new social media features, and their sites in general are becoming more user-friendly. As such, officials are attempting to appeal to a large demographic base through new technology.
The use of virtual worlds in connecting with citizens is a new and largely unfamiliar social method. This approach should be useful as access to this source is becoming more available. In referencing chapter 7 of Code 2.0, Lessig discusses constraints of law, norms, market, and architecture, and their presence as regulation tools on the use of virtual worlds in public sector communication. Internet and program laws regulate how much sensitive public information can be disseminated through a virtual world. Social norms create a stigma of virtual worlds that they are used only by intense gamers, not every day citizens. As such, norms govern how people may behave on the site. Market plays an important role in that Second Life and other sites govern access and charge for certain functions of participation. The site itself is designed through its architecture to guide people to certain places and forums, thus facilitating possible interaction between officials and citizens.
With these regulations influencing the use of virtual worlds, elected officials can create public forums where citizens will be more likely to contribute. This can be used as an interactive, real-time blog, where everyone is welcome, regardless of his or her demographic situation. Problems may arise as to validity of information and issues of reality in the political process. Regardless of those challenges, officials can foster an environment of collaboration, assuming security measures are in place. Virtual worlds create opportunities for developing a community spirit, and users will benefit from free interaction.
Wednesday, September 21, 2011
Videos, Second Life, and Meet Up
Meetup.com
I really enjoyed searching for activities on meetup.com. To me, this is an extension of Facebook in that the site is strictly for activities only, and seeks to make connections based on common interests.
Among various activities analyzed, I joined the Valley Movie Group, a local group that plans to go to movies, and then meet up afterwards to discuss the movies and other opinions. I love to watch and go to the movies, though it is difficult to find people who share common movie interests. Additionally, one of the members purchases tickets in advance in bulk, thus saving money for those involved because he gets a discount. This group is found at http://www.meetup.com/valleymoviegroup/.
I think the idea of meetup.com is amazing because people get together sharing a common interest, though can end up discussing other topics and activities. The group is very participative as well, as each group member can suggest certain movies or activities.
Second Life
I was surprised as to the assignment to join either Second Life or World of Warcraft. I can see how these programs are social networking mediums, though the idea of fantasy is foreign to me. As such, I created a profile and account on Second Life. This was more interesting to me because Dwight, a character from The Office, spent hours a day playing second life, a fact Jim used to his advantage. Here are my thoughts based on the questions specified for the module:
- How do you learn to participate in these worlds
Second Life is very difficult to learn and navigate at first. The corresponding toolbars are very user-friendly, though the other participants help in trying to figure out what to do and where to go. No matter where you go in the program, you can chat with other players nearby. In creating the account, the program prompts you to design your avatar and guides you through to different places. Accordingly, a great deal of the game for me was self-taught.
- What choices were made for interacting with others, navigating the world
Choices were available at inception of the program. Before you can choose a place to fly, walk, or teleport to, there are other players right near you to help answer questions. The toolbars also prompt you to changes your gestures, how you walk, and to modify your profile as needed.
- How does the information that is available to you influence your experience, this includes both the tutorials and what is present in the interface
The available information helps you to navigate easily and discover new places in the Second Life World. Each place has a small icon with a glimpse into the world and the corresponding people found there. The main question I have while walking to different places is how and why is this important? I can see how this can be used as an opportunity to meet other people, but why have a fictitious place to do so? What am I supposed to do while in Second Life? I think the site itself is easy to navigate with helpful guides. I guess the focus is on going to new places to meet people with whom you would never associate with through other social media functions.
- What is on the websites that support these worlds
The secondlife.com website is a virtual store where you can discover different places, learn more about Second Life, and discover new communities and events. The most interesting feature is the “buy land” option where you can purchase real estate in Second Life. While navigating through these different places, you can earn money to be used for these various purchases. There are also interactive blogs to which users can contribute.
Based on my brief experience in navigating Second Life, I can see how such a program can be very addicting. I have only heard about World of Warcraft and the dangers people can encounter by spending too much time in these virtual reality programs. Although Second Life is more realistic, it is still time-consuming. It was interesting, however, to experience it.
Videos
I really enjoyed the required videos for the assignment this week. The main theme I encountered from the videos is that social media is being utilized to connect individuals across racial, economic, and social boundaries.
The TED video with Chris Anderson was interesting because it showed the power of using video in online streaming. He mentioned how video data required a great deal of streaming capability to load, but is now the most common form of expression in social networks. I liked how he shared the experience of amateur filmmakers in Kenya, and how they use social media to show the world their environment. Such actions may encourage others to assist in alleviating poverty in third world nations. Chris also mentions how viral media is connecting people throughout the world. The TED video series is seen in many nations, encouraging participations from thousands who would never have experienced such connections and sharing of ideas.
The Jamie Heywood piece was particularly impactful for me as I recently lost a family member to cancer. His patientslikeme.com project is a great way for people with similar illnesses to connect and share their successes and failures with treatments, life, etc. It is like a medical Facebook, and creates a medical forum to discuss prescriptions, periods, and other experiences. I like how Jamie was inspired to do this site, given his brother had passed away from a debilitating illness. It is clear he cares not about his notoriety, but in giving patients the chance and opportunity to express how they feel.
I honestly have never seen a video quite like “The Empathetic Civilization.” The use of drawings and words to express the idea of existentialism is unique. The video touches on very significant issues: among the most significant to me is that empathy is grounded in the knowledge of death and the celebration of life. The idea of the empathetic civilization is that we demonstrate solidarity knowing we have one and only life on this planet. This conflicts with other religious views, but shows the reasons why we need to be kind to one another. My favorite quote was “we extend our identities to think of the human race as our fellow sojourners.” This is a very complicated topic, but I thought the presentation in the video was very fun to watch.
Implications in Public Administration
The assignments this week focused on how social media is creating more unique ways to connect with others. The impact of viral media is evident in that ideas are expressed regardless of social or economic standing. People from all backgrounds have the opportunity to enact real change through social media.
Public administrators need to embrace every social medium to connect with their constituents. The infinite amount of data that exists is more accessible now more than ever, and public agencies need to adapt to changing technology. Cities can benefit from more interactive sites, such as www.patientslikeme.com. In doing so, citizens can be involved directly with policy and services, while learning about new communication techniques.
Thursday, September 15, 2011
Article Analysis: Regulation and Speed Limits
I chose to analyze the article “Can Roads Control Your Driving? The Truth About Safety-Enhancing Road Design,” posted in the Infrastructurist on March 23, 2011, by Yonah Freemark. This article addresses the impact of unique transportation engineering on traffic flow and accidents. A study conducted by the University of Connecticut theorizes that minor reductions in speed are possible through changes in the street environment. The main issue addressed in the article is that American drivers are twice as likely than European drivers to die in a car accident. As such, researchers are looking at implementing European road design features to reduce traffic fatalities. Possible approaches such as roadside parking, building setbacks, and other commercial land uses subconsciously encourage drivers to drive slower. The author also cites the presence narrow lanes and street trees that result in drivers responding with slower traffic speeds as alternatives to conventional American engineering practices.
American engineers focus on different alternatives to this European approach. They tend to favor the idea of “forgiving highways,” with generous curve radii and wider lanes to account for driver mistakes. These efforts have been successful for interstate highways, but are less successful in urban areas. Correlating to discussions on regulation, Lawrence Lessig contends “just as government can act to strengthen…social norm constraints, it should be obvious that government can also act to weaken them” (p. 131). As such, the impact of regulation in terms of traffic control is difficult to perceive because of unique geographic areas. Additionally, Yonah Freemark also cites higher driver speed limits in suburban areas where there are fewer distractions.
There are a number of issues addresses in this article that present conflicting viewpoints. In order to facilitate statistics, researchers must present a stereotype of drivers. Additionally, in looking at driver environment vs. driving speeds, researchers must take into account any externalities, such as weather, vehicle type, number of vehicle passengers, and others. Lawrence Lessig asserts, “the policy maker must assess the net effect- whether on the whole…regulations reduce or increase social costs” (p. 132). Those social costs are crucial in this analysis of transportation engineering because they have profound effects on how fast vehicles travel, regardless of street environments.
One prominent value contradiction referenced in this article is that of personal liberty vs. political satisfaction. Drivers utilize certain routes because of higher speed limits and fewer distractions. Any subconscious alteration of a route represents too much government involvement over personal freedoms. Additionally, there is a conflict between mandates vs. fund appropriation, specifically how localities will implement such a broad reengineering program with limited resources. Without directly implementing programs, the government runs the risk of demonstrating misdirection. Code 2.0 references this practice by asserting, “when a government uses other structures of constraint to effect a constraint it could impose directly, it muddles the responsibility for that constraint and so undermines political accountability” (p. 133). Although the statistics of European transportation engineering are conclusive, municipalities already struggle with decreasing revenues to operate, and may not benefit from roundabout federal or state intervention.
As discussed in Code 2.0, the four constraints of law, norms, markets, and architecture are “distinct, yet they are plainly interdependent” (p. 124). In referencing the issue of transportation engineering, each constraint is prevalent in regards to solving speed limit problems.
As such, the following alternative will decrease traffic fatalities while offering options to commuters:
In a specific locality, implement a testing zone regulated and monitored by the city council to experiment with altered traffic environments. The area is to remain unknown to the public, though the initiative is to be approved by local citizens as a means to procure publicity and transparency. To ensure maximum results, the council should select a one-mile stretch of urban roadway to plant large trees and park areas. The speed limit will be reduced by five miles/hour, and vehicle types and numbers will be analyzed over a one-month period. The ultimate goal of the experiment is to assess the number of fatalities, and whether the environment and speed alterations deterred or encouraged more drivers to pass through the urban roadway. If successful results are witnessed, the locality could implement more large-scale changes to enact long-term traffic modifications.
This model is useful in describing the impact of this transportation engineering option. Although this idea utilizes practices from other European counterparts, the initial planning addresses voter concerns and ensures publicity to avoid implications against personal liberty.
Law: The experimental roadway stretch is monitored and governed by the locality through speed limit reductions. Local citizens approve of the implementation of this process through an initiative, thought they are unaware of the specific location of the analyzed roadway. This does not conflict with personal liberty because they approve of the experiment. As discussed by Lessig, “…law continues to threaten a certain consequence if it is defied” (p. 124). As such, punishments will be similar to any other traffic violation.
Norms: If traffic fatalities are reduced in this roadway stretch, local citizens will become accustomed to new environments, thus altering their driving behavior. Lessig contends, “norms constrain through the stigma that a community imposes” (p. 124). This constraint will meet with short-term disagreement, as local citizens will have to alter their driving. However, they will come to expect this new safety level, and fatalities will decrease.
Markets: In a sense, the locality is charging citizens in time by decreasing speed limits. This charge, however, is paid back to the citizens through decreased traffic incidents. Lessig theorizes, “these behaviors are all a function of market constraints and market opportunity” (p. 124). The locality benefits by providing landscapes to the roadways, thus increasing competition among private contractors.
Architecture: This roadway design of landscaped roadways and decreased speed limits makes possible values of safe driving. Lessig asserts, “they constrain some behavior by making other behavior possible or impossible” (p. 125). This regulates speeding by lowering the speed limit and creating an indirect distraction. It is design to modify behavior to have lasting effects.
This alternative addresses the concerns raised by the conflicting values indirectly referenced in this article. Lawrence Lessig references the choice of residence and its relation to personal liberty. On page 135, he theorizes, “individuals choose to live in one neighborhood rather than another. In a strict sense, that is correct, but their choices are made in the face of costs that the state has imposed.” By having citizen input in regards to the most pressing areas in need of traffic alterations, citizens show pride in their community, and determine where safety is most lacking. This results in long-term satisfaction and changing demographics that result from simple changes in traffic flow.
In general, I agree with the basic premise of the article. The author poses an appropriate question: “will it be enough to dissuade states from continuing to fund suburban arterials that weave through residential neighborhoods and allow drivers to move at high speeds?” The wide-lane American highways are a unique alternative to curbing traffic incidents, though speed remains the key issue. The author fails to explain how logistics would be addressed. As such, I feel my alternative incorporates the success of European models by implementing ideas of city management and voter approval. Doing so will regulate driving and elicit input from citizens so as not to decrease personal liberty.
References
Lessig, Lawrence (2006). Code: Version 2.0. New York City, New York: Basic Books.
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