Informed and Interconnected: A Manifesto for Smarter Cities
Given the present economic crisis, municipalities are required to consider the feasibility of implementing certain services that influence citizen participation. The high initial costs of integrating new technology within city services is a notable deterrent, leaving citizens with little opportunities to participate in making transactions more efficient. The paper “Informed and Interconnected: A Manifesto for Smarter Cities” by Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Stanley S. Litow discusses the need for community transformation to better communicate with citizens through information-rich communities (p. 1). By creating smaller, interconnected communities, citizens can participate in needed services, thus overcoming significant ePA challenges and issues.
The idea of municipality websites as virtual all-inclusive transactional portals requires coordination among both cities and citizens, each with unique responsibilities. Technology inclusion alone will not suffice in meeting the demands of a diverse populace. Kanter and Litow theorize, “…attention is paid to the connections and not just to the parts. Civic improvement stems from improved interfaces and integration” (p. 3). The implementation of innovative technology features to a city website is a beginning to connecting those features to easily accessible portals. Allowing citizens the convenience of paying utility bills, accessing information, or contacting elected officials requires significant IT investment. However, the ultimate goal should be continued interaction through a virtual interface.
Involving citizens through technology improvement helps bridge the socio-economic gaps present in municipalities. The authors describe the smarter community as one “composed of not only a more integrated, collaborative, and inclusive ‘whole’ but also of multiple neighborhoods and communities of interest and of kind” (p. 4). One significant issue related to e-public administration is the unification of various thoughts for consideration by a governing body. The individuality of neighborhoods and units contributes to the needed diversity of the municipality, strengthened by cooperative technology. As such, internal development is just as crucial for cities faced with resource utilization challenges related to slow economic growth.
As smarter communities utilize technology to connect a diverse myriad of demographics, those communities need to develop internal controls that connect each department to the respective organization mission. This is particularly difficult in larger cities where they “have developed a range of departments and agencies that have become isolated from one another, operating in their own silos with less coordination of information than desirable for integrated planning and goal achievement” (p. 8). Although website modifications are not a noticeable priority during economic crises, municipalities should consider a cost-benefit analysis of the positive ramifications of increasing communication between departments. If departments are not connected, disjointed messages to citizens will result in a decrease in transparency, a common complaint of local government. This is especially important from a contractor standpoint, as “these contractors must meet government procurement requirements that might differ across departments, with few or no mechanisms to transfer information and a resulting waste of time and resources” (p. 8). As economic development is a primary government activity, municipalities must overcome communication challenges to ensure businesses continue to collaborate and offer services.
The overall purpose of IT development centers on making service delivery more efficient and effective. By updating information availability, departments are more connected, and citizens are informed as to government activity. The authors cite the ramifications of better service delivery as lessening the need for comprehensive budget cuts (p. 9). As such, the initial investment needed to update transactional capabilities and online communication is unavoidable for resource-sensitive municipalities.
Communication to involved shareholders is an ever-present issue for public administrators. The paper “Informed and Interconnected: A Manifesto for Smarter Cities” describes the emergence smart communities that strive to improve service delivery through integrated communication. Such ambition requires organizational uniformity and citizen approval, often at the expense of traditional services. The results, however, center of efficiency and effectiveness, using resources to create organized communities that adhere to ethical and professional management models.
References
Kanter, R.M., and Litow S. S. (2009). Informed and interconnected: a manifesto for smarter cities. Harvard Business School, pp. 1-28.
Monday, November 21, 2011
Thursday, November 17, 2011
Book Review: Blog! How the Newest Media Revolution is Changing Politics, Business, and Culture
Blog! How the Newest Media Revolution is Changing Politics, Business, and Culture, by David Kline and Dan Burstein, presents an interesting analysis of the impact of blogging on idea transmission and culture change. Rather than dictate theoretical notions of social mediums, the authors compile numerous interviews and essays with notable business and political leaders who utilize the blog form to communicate revolutionary ideas. As an evolving technology, bloggers encounter divided criticism and support, challenging the notion of professional journalism. The main contentions of such bloggers as Adam Curry, Jeff Jarvis, Kate Lee, and others emphasize the necessity of this media form, and why executives and politicians are behind in utilizing technology to connect with clients and constituents.
Author Contentions
As the book is a compilation of blogging in terms of politics, business, and culture, each section contains introductory essays from the authors, and interviews with noted bloggers both national and international. In relation to politics and policy, Kline contends that many disregard the impact blogs have on the political scene. As discussed in his essay, bloggers are transforming the political process and the ordinary citizen relationship to it, thus creating a more representative and participatory American democracy (p. 5). The main case study analyzed is the 2004 presidential election, looking at viewership of online cable news networks compared to popular political blogs. Although traffic paled in comparison to the total viewers of nightly TV news programs, committed voter opinions changed indirectly though blog views. Conservative estimates show nearly 75 million Americans engage in political discussion or get political information from all online sources, specifically blogs (p. 6). As such, it is noteworthy to account for the influence of blogs in presenting political information.
The authors contend that political blogs have become an alternative viral source to traditional newspapers and television. Such change is attributed to the lost portion and respect traditional media outlets held among the public (p. 6). Further contentions center on the fact that television and internet media outlets present more outright biases, and do not reflect the interests or priorities of the majority of Americans. As such, this has profound consequences for the shape and character of American society (p. 8). The rise of political bloggers centers on this contradiction of American character, specifically in the damaging effect traditional media has had on presenting objective points of view. Readers prefer the openness of political blogs for their honest partisanship and political honesty (p. 10). This honesty is the foundation of democracy, with the authors contending that public debate is more useful than information presentation.
The authors cite the 2004 presidential election as the beginning of political blogs being catalysts for grassroots citizen mobilization, with Democrats being more adept in using online vehicles to rally their base than Republicans. Despite Howard Dean losing the election to the GOP machines, his official blog still received thousands of hits per day following the election, showing the grassroots Democratic supported compared to the targeted campaign of the Bush administration (p. 18). As such, the authors contend blogs encourage greater and more diverse political engagement.
From a business or economic standpoint, the authors contend that while business transformed the internet into a commercial marketplace, it would be transformed by the medium it set out to dominate (p. 102). A main issue is that blogging can reshape the business world and create new sources of competitive advantage for firms. As discussed in the book, business blogging remains in its infancy, with businesses only now realizing the market effectiveness of this medium. The authors contend that the modern corporation is still largely faceless, deliberately shielded from direct customer contact (p. 103). As such, the new blogging method breaks down communication barriers by fostering transparency and greater responsiveness. To accomplish this feat, companies need to integrate corporate, consumer, and product-oriented blogging into their daily operations (p. 103). This requires companies to understand and appreciate the fundamental power of blogs.
As discussed in the book, blogging transforms consumers into human beings with real opinions and feelings that cannot be ignored by company operations. Because blogging is about passion, their marketplace influence results in positive and negative influences, often more paramount than paid advertising. One main contention is that smart companies, specifically those with information rich or high involvement products, will want to create blogs to capture the buzz-marketing benefits that blogging can provide (p. 108). This often encourages companies to blog about product ideas and plans before production. Traditional market research tells companies what their customers want, but does not necessarily stipulate why customers want what they do. As such, product definition blogging opens new lines of communication and provides companies with better information about customer needs at a lower cost (p. 113). This is particularly useful for internal communication as well.
The authors contend that enterprise blogging offers advantages of persistence and searchability over traditional email-based communication systems. With these blog types storing organization information in easily accessible HTML formats, employees can access information without having to pass through protocol or hierarchy (p. 117). As an improved communication method, blogging necessitates that companies provide more high-value content to consumers, specifically consulting, conferences, and executive programs. The authors contend that the continued influence of the “invisible hand” in guiding market behavior still relies on rational consumer decisions (p. 122). By creating a heart and soul behind consumer actions, blogging presents a new medium that companies should continue to research and develop.
From a traditional mainstream media standpoint, the authors contend that blogging will engender massive change in our society. The authors cite the 11 percent drop in newspaper circulation since 1990 and decline readership among young people as evidence of this change in media usage (p. 239). Although the web is having a diverse effect on online news media, is it becoming a primary news source for younger people, and a large draw for advertising. Given this younger demographic influence, bloggers are creating a sense of trust absent in traditional media outlets. The authors also contend that bloggers are far more transparent because they provide links to their information and sources. Additionally, bloggers are more forthright about their mistakes than in mainstream media (p. 240). Bloggers still have to compete with the presence of online media sources as primary news outlets. As such, they use those outlets to apply opinions, ironies, ideas, and other kinds of context in the transition between original reporting and context provisioning (p. 241). The relationship between blogging and traditional media will continue to affect the manner in which consumers receive information.
The tools for creating and publishing citizen-generated media are more affordable now, and more simple and instantaneous for users to access. The authors contend that blogging helps consumers break through a persistent anonymity and isolation with modern life (p. 247). A main concern with blogs, however, is their effect on literacy, given the abbreviated format and language present in blog formats. This transformation, however, gives voice to democracy, and thus represents a main purpose of the blogging format.
Current Issues and Examples
Given the complexity of information presented by the authors, they cite numerous interviews related to how blogging has transformed communication into a viable information source influencing society.
Joe Trippi, Campaign Manager for Howard Dean, discusses the real power of blogging given to individuals to make changes. He theorizes that political blogging is part of a plan to get a well-known, status quo, establishment candidate the nomination (p. 26). He cites the blogging medium as creating grassroots support for Dean, compared to the money-raising machine utilized by John Kerry and John Edwards. Blogs offer a different and powerful view, even if the traffic they receive is only a small percentage of total internet hits.
Markos Moulitsas Zuniga, founder and writer for the political blog DailyKos, encounters support among liberal and Democratic readers in exposing fraudulent ideas and documents. As such, readers change their viewpoints on political campaigns by reading his blog and learning about candidates. The blog has created a community, rivaling traffic to Fox News or other political sites (p. 43). Zuniga cites the purpose of his blog to offer actual products and services that are going to hurt the bottom lines of candidates. As such, political influentials will influence elections in more ways now than ever.
Ana Marie Cox, founder of the daily Wonkettes postings, pokes fun at the behaviors and attitudes of Washington politicians. She cites the reason for her blog is to comment on things and say exactly what she thinks. Blogs are popular because it represents a freedom to do whatever you want without regard to editing. It is fresh and immediate (p. 60). She also cites blogging as a springboard to real media, thus creating real professional opportunities.
Robert Scoble, tech evangelist for Microsoft, cites his technical blog as relating to the tech community as a whole, working for the average developer. He believes blogs should be both passionate and authoritative, paying attention to who is looking at them (p. 127). Blogs contribute to a word-of-mouth viral marketing technique by making idea transfer more efficient, and doing so very quickly. Scoble also cites the future of weblogs being more integrated, integrating blogs with other programs and services.
Nick Denton, founder of Gawker Media, views weblogs as the purest way to judge writing talent as applied to consumer needs. Gawker, Fleshbot, Gizmodo, and others thrive because of the relative obscurity of paid bloggers for his sites. Denton views the market for writing talent in the United States to be largely inefficient (p. 152). Weblogs will aggregate much bigger over the next few years as a revolutionary new phenomenon.
Jay Rosen, an associate professor at the NYU Department of Journalism, is an advocate for public journalism, where citizens play a role in analyzing and disseminating news. As such, the media should cultivate and chronicle the spread of democracy, and will still be prevalent amidst the blogging craze (p. 315). He does realize, however, that there is still a great deal of work to be done in developing the weblog form.
Assessment and Critique
This approach at explaining the impact of blogging on mainstream media is effective in that it provides real examples of people and blogs that have enacted real change in transparency and citizen participation. The book itself is organized in a logical manner by having each section prefaced with an essay by the authors that introduces the general status of blogging in each sphere, leading into interviews and presentations from leading business leaders and technology entrepreneurs. As there is a great deal of hype and confusion surrounding this new communication medium, the authors strive to provide a real-world analysis how blogging will and will not change society and how consumers disseminate the flood of information.
The general thesis of the text centers on the idea that blogging creates and open forum where ordinary citizens can contribute to the forward-thinking thought of open and participative democracy. From a political standpoint, previous users of political blogs were high-level employees and politicians, with insider information as to campaign activities. The technological advancement of general internet users has evolved such that a general IT knowledge will suffice to both participate and contribute.
The authors are too critical, however, in their analysis of prominent media outlets. They view media balance as “bastardized” by the actions of news outlets in striving to present objective political views (p. 9). If anything, the variety of news stations and channels provides a more comprehensive analysis of all differing opinions and theories. This places responsibility on the consumer to decide which outlets clearly presents their individual belief system. The authors fail to discuss efforts by news organizations to publicize their political standpoints.
The use of interviews in the text provides a decent context in showing real world application of blogging. However, the use of rigidity in questions does not necessarily result in as candid of revelations as blogs would produce. Although it is difficult to print mere blog posts as empirical evidence as to blog effectiveness, a diversity of information presentation would enhance the author thesis related to openness and transparency.
Changing Thoughts on Blogging
From a personal viewpoint, prior to this class and assignment, my previous experience with blogs was with my wife and reading her updates on our personal family blog. I guess I did not fully understand or realize the potential blogs have as communication methods. Reading this book opened my eyes as to the future blogs will have in analyzing news media information.
The implementation of a personal blog as part of our course assignments and participation has helped me get used to the technology associated with blog posts, and the ease of connecting with others to share ideas. The text describes the ease in which users can now connect to companies and political organizations to comment on policy and practice. I feel that blogs are legitimate information sources, though need to be used with caution, given the background of the blogger. I think it is safe to read blogs for a general consensus, though not for concrete research purposes in publicizing information.
Relation to E-Public Administration
As updating our personal blogs has been absolutely critical towards participation in this course, studying the impact of blogging on politics, economics, and media in general is very appropriate in a study of public administration, and corresponding technological forces. Politicians now, more than ever, are using their blogs and other social media forms to discuss politics, reactions to news stories, and other events deemed critical to their constituents. Blogs are breaking down walls between elected official and constituent, thus placing more responsibility on those in power to be ethical and honest.
Blogs also provide a medium for inexperienced citizens to connect with others to increase their knowledge of public policy. As most blog creators are not industry experts, ordinary citizens can still influence public opinions by creating discussions aimed at analyzing politician actions. As such, elected officials need to be informed as to how public opinion is being disseminated, and use that information to provide more efficient decision solutions.
I really enjoyed reading this book and seeing the influence of blogs in many different areas. I can have a profound influence by being open and honest, and encouraging others.
References
Kline, David, and Burstein, Dan (2005). Blog! How the newest media revolution is changing politics, business, and culture. New York, NY: Squibnocket Partners, LLC.
Author Contentions
As the book is a compilation of blogging in terms of politics, business, and culture, each section contains introductory essays from the authors, and interviews with noted bloggers both national and international. In relation to politics and policy, Kline contends that many disregard the impact blogs have on the political scene. As discussed in his essay, bloggers are transforming the political process and the ordinary citizen relationship to it, thus creating a more representative and participatory American democracy (p. 5). The main case study analyzed is the 2004 presidential election, looking at viewership of online cable news networks compared to popular political blogs. Although traffic paled in comparison to the total viewers of nightly TV news programs, committed voter opinions changed indirectly though blog views. Conservative estimates show nearly 75 million Americans engage in political discussion or get political information from all online sources, specifically blogs (p. 6). As such, it is noteworthy to account for the influence of blogs in presenting political information.
The authors contend that political blogs have become an alternative viral source to traditional newspapers and television. Such change is attributed to the lost portion and respect traditional media outlets held among the public (p. 6). Further contentions center on the fact that television and internet media outlets present more outright biases, and do not reflect the interests or priorities of the majority of Americans. As such, this has profound consequences for the shape and character of American society (p. 8). The rise of political bloggers centers on this contradiction of American character, specifically in the damaging effect traditional media has had on presenting objective points of view. Readers prefer the openness of political blogs for their honest partisanship and political honesty (p. 10). This honesty is the foundation of democracy, with the authors contending that public debate is more useful than information presentation.
The authors cite the 2004 presidential election as the beginning of political blogs being catalysts for grassroots citizen mobilization, with Democrats being more adept in using online vehicles to rally their base than Republicans. Despite Howard Dean losing the election to the GOP machines, his official blog still received thousands of hits per day following the election, showing the grassroots Democratic supported compared to the targeted campaign of the Bush administration (p. 18). As such, the authors contend blogs encourage greater and more diverse political engagement.
From a business or economic standpoint, the authors contend that while business transformed the internet into a commercial marketplace, it would be transformed by the medium it set out to dominate (p. 102). A main issue is that blogging can reshape the business world and create new sources of competitive advantage for firms. As discussed in the book, business blogging remains in its infancy, with businesses only now realizing the market effectiveness of this medium. The authors contend that the modern corporation is still largely faceless, deliberately shielded from direct customer contact (p. 103). As such, the new blogging method breaks down communication barriers by fostering transparency and greater responsiveness. To accomplish this feat, companies need to integrate corporate, consumer, and product-oriented blogging into their daily operations (p. 103). This requires companies to understand and appreciate the fundamental power of blogs.
As discussed in the book, blogging transforms consumers into human beings with real opinions and feelings that cannot be ignored by company operations. Because blogging is about passion, their marketplace influence results in positive and negative influences, often more paramount than paid advertising. One main contention is that smart companies, specifically those with information rich or high involvement products, will want to create blogs to capture the buzz-marketing benefits that blogging can provide (p. 108). This often encourages companies to blog about product ideas and plans before production. Traditional market research tells companies what their customers want, but does not necessarily stipulate why customers want what they do. As such, product definition blogging opens new lines of communication and provides companies with better information about customer needs at a lower cost (p. 113). This is particularly useful for internal communication as well.
The authors contend that enterprise blogging offers advantages of persistence and searchability over traditional email-based communication systems. With these blog types storing organization information in easily accessible HTML formats, employees can access information without having to pass through protocol or hierarchy (p. 117). As an improved communication method, blogging necessitates that companies provide more high-value content to consumers, specifically consulting, conferences, and executive programs. The authors contend that the continued influence of the “invisible hand” in guiding market behavior still relies on rational consumer decisions (p. 122). By creating a heart and soul behind consumer actions, blogging presents a new medium that companies should continue to research and develop.
From a traditional mainstream media standpoint, the authors contend that blogging will engender massive change in our society. The authors cite the 11 percent drop in newspaper circulation since 1990 and decline readership among young people as evidence of this change in media usage (p. 239). Although the web is having a diverse effect on online news media, is it becoming a primary news source for younger people, and a large draw for advertising. Given this younger demographic influence, bloggers are creating a sense of trust absent in traditional media outlets. The authors also contend that bloggers are far more transparent because they provide links to their information and sources. Additionally, bloggers are more forthright about their mistakes than in mainstream media (p. 240). Bloggers still have to compete with the presence of online media sources as primary news outlets. As such, they use those outlets to apply opinions, ironies, ideas, and other kinds of context in the transition between original reporting and context provisioning (p. 241). The relationship between blogging and traditional media will continue to affect the manner in which consumers receive information.
The tools for creating and publishing citizen-generated media are more affordable now, and more simple and instantaneous for users to access. The authors contend that blogging helps consumers break through a persistent anonymity and isolation with modern life (p. 247). A main concern with blogs, however, is their effect on literacy, given the abbreviated format and language present in blog formats. This transformation, however, gives voice to democracy, and thus represents a main purpose of the blogging format.
Current Issues and Examples
Given the complexity of information presented by the authors, they cite numerous interviews related to how blogging has transformed communication into a viable information source influencing society.
Joe Trippi, Campaign Manager for Howard Dean, discusses the real power of blogging given to individuals to make changes. He theorizes that political blogging is part of a plan to get a well-known, status quo, establishment candidate the nomination (p. 26). He cites the blogging medium as creating grassroots support for Dean, compared to the money-raising machine utilized by John Kerry and John Edwards. Blogs offer a different and powerful view, even if the traffic they receive is only a small percentage of total internet hits.
Markos Moulitsas Zuniga, founder and writer for the political blog DailyKos, encounters support among liberal and Democratic readers in exposing fraudulent ideas and documents. As such, readers change their viewpoints on political campaigns by reading his blog and learning about candidates. The blog has created a community, rivaling traffic to Fox News or other political sites (p. 43). Zuniga cites the purpose of his blog to offer actual products and services that are going to hurt the bottom lines of candidates. As such, political influentials will influence elections in more ways now than ever.
Ana Marie Cox, founder of the daily Wonkettes postings, pokes fun at the behaviors and attitudes of Washington politicians. She cites the reason for her blog is to comment on things and say exactly what she thinks. Blogs are popular because it represents a freedom to do whatever you want without regard to editing. It is fresh and immediate (p. 60). She also cites blogging as a springboard to real media, thus creating real professional opportunities.
Robert Scoble, tech evangelist for Microsoft, cites his technical blog as relating to the tech community as a whole, working for the average developer. He believes blogs should be both passionate and authoritative, paying attention to who is looking at them (p. 127). Blogs contribute to a word-of-mouth viral marketing technique by making idea transfer more efficient, and doing so very quickly. Scoble also cites the future of weblogs being more integrated, integrating blogs with other programs and services.
Nick Denton, founder of Gawker Media, views weblogs as the purest way to judge writing talent as applied to consumer needs. Gawker, Fleshbot, Gizmodo, and others thrive because of the relative obscurity of paid bloggers for his sites. Denton views the market for writing talent in the United States to be largely inefficient (p. 152). Weblogs will aggregate much bigger over the next few years as a revolutionary new phenomenon.
Jay Rosen, an associate professor at the NYU Department of Journalism, is an advocate for public journalism, where citizens play a role in analyzing and disseminating news. As such, the media should cultivate and chronicle the spread of democracy, and will still be prevalent amidst the blogging craze (p. 315). He does realize, however, that there is still a great deal of work to be done in developing the weblog form.
Assessment and Critique
This approach at explaining the impact of blogging on mainstream media is effective in that it provides real examples of people and blogs that have enacted real change in transparency and citizen participation. The book itself is organized in a logical manner by having each section prefaced with an essay by the authors that introduces the general status of blogging in each sphere, leading into interviews and presentations from leading business leaders and technology entrepreneurs. As there is a great deal of hype and confusion surrounding this new communication medium, the authors strive to provide a real-world analysis how blogging will and will not change society and how consumers disseminate the flood of information.
The general thesis of the text centers on the idea that blogging creates and open forum where ordinary citizens can contribute to the forward-thinking thought of open and participative democracy. From a political standpoint, previous users of political blogs were high-level employees and politicians, with insider information as to campaign activities. The technological advancement of general internet users has evolved such that a general IT knowledge will suffice to both participate and contribute.
The authors are too critical, however, in their analysis of prominent media outlets. They view media balance as “bastardized” by the actions of news outlets in striving to present objective political views (p. 9). If anything, the variety of news stations and channels provides a more comprehensive analysis of all differing opinions and theories. This places responsibility on the consumer to decide which outlets clearly presents their individual belief system. The authors fail to discuss efforts by news organizations to publicize their political standpoints.
The use of interviews in the text provides a decent context in showing real world application of blogging. However, the use of rigidity in questions does not necessarily result in as candid of revelations as blogs would produce. Although it is difficult to print mere blog posts as empirical evidence as to blog effectiveness, a diversity of information presentation would enhance the author thesis related to openness and transparency.
Changing Thoughts on Blogging
From a personal viewpoint, prior to this class and assignment, my previous experience with blogs was with my wife and reading her updates on our personal family blog. I guess I did not fully understand or realize the potential blogs have as communication methods. Reading this book opened my eyes as to the future blogs will have in analyzing news media information.
The implementation of a personal blog as part of our course assignments and participation has helped me get used to the technology associated with blog posts, and the ease of connecting with others to share ideas. The text describes the ease in which users can now connect to companies and political organizations to comment on policy and practice. I feel that blogs are legitimate information sources, though need to be used with caution, given the background of the blogger. I think it is safe to read blogs for a general consensus, though not for concrete research purposes in publicizing information.
Relation to E-Public Administration
As updating our personal blogs has been absolutely critical towards participation in this course, studying the impact of blogging on politics, economics, and media in general is very appropriate in a study of public administration, and corresponding technological forces. Politicians now, more than ever, are using their blogs and other social media forms to discuss politics, reactions to news stories, and other events deemed critical to their constituents. Blogs are breaking down walls between elected official and constituent, thus placing more responsibility on those in power to be ethical and honest.
Blogs also provide a medium for inexperienced citizens to connect with others to increase their knowledge of public policy. As most blog creators are not industry experts, ordinary citizens can still influence public opinions by creating discussions aimed at analyzing politician actions. As such, elected officials need to be informed as to how public opinion is being disseminated, and use that information to provide more efficient decision solutions.
I really enjoyed reading this book and seeing the influence of blogs in many different areas. I can have a profound influence by being open and honest, and encouraging others.
References
Kline, David, and Burstein, Dan (2005). Blog! How the newest media revolution is changing politics, business, and culture. New York, NY: Squibnocket Partners, LLC.
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)